1. Network Security: Protects the integrity and usability of computer networks by preventing unauthorized access, attacks, or misuse.
2. Application Security: Ensures software and applications are secure from vulnerabilities through regular updates, secure coding, and testing.
3. Information Security: Focuses on protecting data’s confidentiality, integrity, and availability using encryption, access controls, and backup strategies.
4. Operational Security (OpSec): Involves managing and protecting processes and decisions related to data storage, sharing, and access.
5. Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity: Ensures systems and operations can recover quickly and continue functioning after a cybersecurity incident.
6. End-User Education: Educates individuals to recognize threats like phishing, avoid risky behavior, and follow safe online practices.
7. Identity and Access Management (IAM): Ensures only authorized users have access to specific systems, resources, or data.
8. Cloud Security: Protects data and systems stored in cloud environments from breaches and unauthorized access.

1. Network Security

Definition: Network security focuses on securing a computer network’s infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, or attacks.

Key Features:

• Firewalls to filter traffic.
• Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS).
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for secure remote connections.

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2. Application Security

Definition: Ensures that applications are free of vulnerabilities and protected against cyber threats during development and deployment.

Key Features:

• Secure coding practices.
• Regular security patches and updates.
• Penetration testing.

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3. Information Security

Definition: Protects the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data across systems and processes.

Key Features:

• Encryption of data in transit and at rest.
• Access controls and permissions.
• Secure backup systems.

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4. Operational Security (OpSec)

Definition: Focuses on protecting critical information and ensuring secure processes when handling sensitive data.

Key Features:

• Risk management and threat assessments.
• Data handling policies.
• Employee awareness of security protocols.

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5. Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity

Definition: Focuses on how an organization recovers from cyber incidents and ensures continuous operation during crises.

Key Features:

• Backup and restoration plans.
• Redundant systems to minimize downtime.
• Crisis communication plans.

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6. End-User Education

Definition: Educates users to recognize cyber threats and adopt safe practices.

Key Features:

• Phishing awareness training.
• Safe browsing practices.
• Strong password creation.

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7. Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Definition: Manages user identities and controls access to systems and resources.

Key Features:

• Multifactor Authentication (MFA).
• Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).
• Biometric or token-based authentication.

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8. Cloud Security

Definition: Protects data, applications, and systems hosted in cloud environments.

Key Features:

• Secure APIs for communication.
• Encryption of cloud-stored data.
• Access management and monitoring.